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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">German space programme</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"German rocket programme" redirects here. For WWII weapons programs, see <a href="Wunderwaffe" title="Wunderwaffe">Wunderwaffe</a>.</div>
<p>
The <b>German space programme</b> is the set of projects funded by the government of Germany for the exploration and use of <a href="Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>. The space programme is run by the <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a>, who conduct research, plan, and implement the programme on behalf of the <a href="Cabinet_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Germany">German federal government</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>While the idea of spaceflight had been explored by novels before, <a href="Hermann_Oberth" title="Hermann Oberth">Hermann Oberth</a>’s book <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen</i></span> was influential in propagating the idea of space flight. The book eventually inspired the establishment of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Verein_f%C3%BCr_Raumschiffahrt" title="Verein für Raumschiffahrt">Verein für Raumschiffahrt</a></i></span> (Society for Space Travel) in 1927, where amateur rocket scientists collaborated to advance the field of liquid-fueled rocketry.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 1930s and 1940s, <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> researched and built operational <a href="Ballistic_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic missiles">ballistic missiles</a> capable of <a href="Suborbital_spaceflight" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital spaceflight">suborbital spaceflight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisations">Organisations</h2></div>
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</style><div class="locmap noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.8%;left:53.354%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Augsburg"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.754%;left:78.441%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Berlin"></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.509%;left:15.547%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bonn"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.215%;left:48.1%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Braunschweig"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.405%;left:32.825%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bremen"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.582%;left:43.6%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Göttingen"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.873%;left:45%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hamburg"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.557%;left:42.3%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hanover"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.785%;left:60.9%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jena"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.257%;left:14.611%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cologne"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.253%;left:37.4%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lampoldshausen"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Lampoldshausen" title="Lampoldshausen">Lampoldshausen</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.532%;left:75.4%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neustrelitz"></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="Neustrelitz" title="Neustrelitz">Neustrelitz</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.367%;left:56.6%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oberpfaffenhofen"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.924%;left:36.1%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stuttgart"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.62%;left:45.8%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Trauen"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Trauen</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.405%;left:55.8%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Weilheim"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Weilheim_in_Oberbayern" title="Weilheim in Oberbayern">Weilheim</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Locations of space organisations of Germany</div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Aerospace_Center">German Aerospace Center</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Aerospace_Center&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p>The <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (<a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt <a href="Registered_association_(Germany)" title="Registered association (Germany)">e.V.</a></i>, abbreviated DLR, literally <i>German Center for Air- and Space-flight</i>) is the national center for aerospace, energy and transportation research of Germany, founded in 1969. It is headquartered in <a href="Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> with 35 locations throughout Germany. The DLR is engaged in a wide range of <a href="Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> projects in national and international partnerships.<sup id="cite_ref-German_Aerospace_Center_DLRNumbers_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German_Aerospace_Center_DLRNumbers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
The DLR acts as the German <a href="Space_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agency">space agency</a> and is responsible for planning and implementing the German space programme on behalf of the <a href="Cabinet_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Germany">German federal government</a>. As a project management agency, DLR coordinates and answers the technical and organisational implementation of projects funded by a number of German federal ministries. As of 2020, the German Aerospace Center had a national budget of €1.348 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-German_Aerospace_Center_DLRNumbers_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German_Aerospace_Center_DLRNumbers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Institute_of_Space_Propulsion">Institute of Space Propulsion</h4></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Institute_of_Space_Propulsion" title="Institute of Space Propulsion">Institute of Space Propulsion</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Space_Propulsion&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p>The <a href="Institute_of_Space_Propulsion" title="Institute of Space Propulsion">Institute of Space Propulsion</a> in <a href="Lampoldshausen" title="Lampoldshausen">Lampoldshausen</a> is one of the eight research centers of the <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center (DLR)</a>.
</p>
Approximately 220 people work there in the fields of research and tests of <a href="Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a>. The main purpose of the facility is the operation of test stands for space propulsion on behalf of the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency (ESA)</a> and in cooperation with the European space industry.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_control_centres">Mission control centres</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbus_Control_Centre">Columbus Control Centre</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Columbus_Control_Centre" title="Columbus Control Centre">Columbus Control Centre</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbus_Control_Centre&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p>The <a href="Columbus_Control_Centre" title="Columbus Control Centre">Columbus Control Centre</a> also known by its radio <a href="Call_sign" title="Call sign">callsign</a>, Mission Control Munich, is the <a href="Mission_control_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission control centre">mission control centre</a> which is used to control the <a href="Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)"><i>Columbus</i></a> research laboratory, which is part of the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS). The control centre is located at the <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR) facility in <a href="Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a> near <a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The centre is operated by the DLR, under contract from the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA).
</p>
The Columbus Control Centre entered full-time operation during the <a href="STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122 Shuttle Mission</a>, which delivered the <i><a href="Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></i> module to the ISS. The module was attached to the ISS on 11 February 2008.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Space_Operations_Centre">European Space Operations Centre</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Operations_Centre&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p>The <a href="European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> (ESOC) serves as the main mission control centre for the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) and is located in <a href="Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. ESOC's primary function is the operation of uncrewed spacecraft on behalf of ESA and the launch and early orbit phases (LEOP) of ESA and third-party missions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Centre is also responsible for a range of operations-related activities within ESA and in cooperation with ESA's industry and international partners, including ground systems engineering, software development, flight dynamics and navigation, development of mission control tools and techniques and space debris studies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>ESOC's current major activities comprise operating planetary and solar missions, such as <a href="Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> and the <a href="Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a>, astronomy & fundamental physics missions, such as <a href="Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> and <a href="XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM Newton</a>, and Earth observation missions such as <a href="CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat2</a> and <a href="Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a>.
</p>
ESOC is responsible for developing, operating and maintaining ESA's <a href="ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK network</a> of ground stations. Teams at the Centre are also involved in research and development related to advanced mission control concepts and Space Situational Awareness, and standardisation activities related to frequency management; mission operations; tracking, <a href="Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> and telecommanding; and <a href="Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Space_Operations_Center">German Space Operations Center</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="German_Space_Operations_Center" title="German Space Operations Center">German Space Operations Center</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Space_Operations_Center&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
</div></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
The <a href="German_Space_Operations_Center" title="German Space Operations Center">German Space Operations Center</a> (GSOC; <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Deutsches Raumfahrt-Kontrollzentrum</i>) is the <a href="Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">mission control center</a> of <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR) in <a href="Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a> near <a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</div></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<p>After the <a href="Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> decided in the 1960s to launch a national space program and to participate in international space projects, the idea of having its own space control center became concrete. In 1967, then Federal Minister of Finance <a href="Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a> laid the foundation stone for the first building complex, which was opened a little later.
</p><p>Until 1985, the Oberpfaffenhofen site of the then German Aerospace Research and Testing Institute (DFVLR) increasingly concentrated on spaceflight. The <a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> received special attention. The GSOC then accompanied two crewed missions: During <a href="STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a> in 1985, GSOC took over the control of the <a href="Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a>, while flight control continued from <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a> was acquired. For the first time, the Payload Operation Control Center (POCC) of a US space mission was directed outside of NASA. For the first time, a human spaceflight was partially monitored from outside the USA or the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this mission, then Bavarian Prime Minister Franz Josef Strauss announced on 5 November 1985 an extensive investment program with which the role of Oberpfaffenhofen in European spaceflight should be increased.
</p><p>The failure of <a href="Ariane_3" title="Ariane 3">Ariane 3</a> in 1985 and the <a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> in 1986 slowed the development of the Oberpfaffenhofen and the GSOC. The investment program gave the GSOC a new building, Building 140. Construction began in April 1989.
</p>
In 1993, GSOC accompanied the entire operation with <a href="STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a> and had full payload control via the Spacelab. This was the first time that there was unfiltered access to all data.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronauts">Astronauts</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="German_astronaut_team" title="German astronaut team">German astronaut team</a> and <a href="List_of_German_astronauts" title="List of German astronauts">List of German astronauts</a></div>
<p>As of 2024, twelve Germans have been in space. The first German, and only East German, in space was <a href="Sigmund_J%C3%A4hn" title="Sigmund Jähn">Sigmund Jähn</a> in 1978. Three astronauts – <a href="Ulf_Merbold" title="Ulf Merbold">Ulf Merbold</a>, <a href="Reinhard_Furrer" title="Reinhard Furrer">Reinhard Furrer</a> and <a href="Ernst_Messerschmid" title="Ernst Messerschmid">Ernst Messerschmid</a> – represented <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> during the time of <a href="History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany (1945–90)">divided Germany</a>. Merbold made two other spaceflights after Germany was reunified in 1990. He is the only German to have been in space three times.
</p><p><a href="Thomas_Reiter" title="Thomas Reiter">Thomas Reiter</a>, <a href="Alexander_Gerst" title="Alexander Gerst">Alexander Gerst</a>, and <a href="Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Mathias Maurer</a> have made long-term spaceflights. The other five astronauts are <a href="Klaus-Dietrich_Flade" title="Klaus-Dietrich Flade">Klaus-Dietrich Flade</a>, <a href="Hans_Schlegel" title="Hans Schlegel">Hans Schlegel</a>, <a href="Ulrich_Walter" title="Ulrich Walter">Ulrich Walter</a>, <a href="Reinhold_Ewald" title="Reinhold Ewald">Reinhold Ewald</a>, and <a href="Gerhard_Thiele" title="Gerhard Thiele">Gerhard Thiele</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rockets">Rockets</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="V-2">V-2</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V-2_rocket&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p>The V2 (<a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="V-weapons" title="V-weapons">Vergeltungswaffe</a> 2</i>, <small><a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Vengeance Weapon 2'), with the technical name <i><a href="Aggregat_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggregat (rocket family)">Aggregat</a>-4</i> (A4), was the world's first long-range<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">guided</a> <a href="Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a>. The missile, powered by a <a href="Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid-propellant rocket</a> engine, was developed during the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as a "<a href="V-weapons" title="V-weapons">vengeance weapon</a>" and assigned to attack <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> cities as retaliation for the <a href="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II#The_British_later_in_the_war" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Allied bombings of German cities</a>. The <span class="nowrap">V2</span> rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the <a href="K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a> (edge of space) with the vertical launch of <a href="MW_18014" title="MW 18014">MW 18014</a> on 20 June 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Research of military use of long-range rockets began when the graduate studies of <a href="Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> were noticed by the <a href="German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a>. A series of prototypes culminated in the A4, which went to war as the <span class="nowrap">V2</span>. Beginning in September 1944, more than 3,000 <span class="nowrap">V2s</span> were launched by the <a href="Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> against Allied targets, first <a href="London" title="London">London</a> and later <a href="Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and <a href="Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>. According to a 2011 <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey201689_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey201689-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the attacks from <span class="nowrap">V-2s</span> resulted in the deaths of an estimated 9,000 civilians and military personnel, while a further 12,000 labourers and <a href="Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camp</a> prisoners died as a result of their <a href="Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced participation in the production of the weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-V-2_rocket_Thimm_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-2_rocket_Thimm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
The rockets travelled at <a href="Supersonic_speed" title="Supersonic speed">supersonic speeds</a>, impacted without audible warning, and proved unstoppable. No <a href="Missile_defense#History" title="Missile defense">effective defense</a> existed. Teams from the <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a>—the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union—raced to seize major German manufacturing facilities, procure the Germans' <a href="Missile_Technology_Control_Regime" title="Missile Technology Control Regime">missile technology</a>, and capture the V-2s' launching sites. Von Braun and more than 100 core <a href="Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> <span class="nowrap">V-2</span> personnel surrendered to the Americans, and many of the original <span class="nowrap">V-2</span> team transferred their work to the <a href="Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a>, where they were relocated as part of <a href="Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>. The US also captured enough <span class="nowrap">V-2</span> hardware to build approximately 80 of the missiles. The Soviets gained possession of the <span class="nowrap">V-2</span> manufacturing facilities after the war, re-established <span class="nowrap">V-2</span> production, and moved it to the Soviet Union.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TEXUS">TEXUS</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="TEXUS" title="TEXUS">TEXUS</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TEXUS&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="TEXUS" title="TEXUS">TEXUS</a> is a European/German <a href="Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rocket</a> programme, serving the microgravity programmes of <a href="ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> and <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>. The launches are conducted from <a href="Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a> in Sweden.
</p>
The first mission was conducted on 13 December 1977, using a British <a href="Skylark_(rocket)" title="Skylark (rocket)">Skylark</a> rocket. All missions up to TEXUS-41 in 2004 were conducted using Skylark rockets. Following the Skylark's retirement in 2005, TEXUS launches switched to the Brazilian <a href="VSB-30" title="VSB-30">VSB-30</a> rocket.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid_fly-back_booster">Liquid fly-back booster</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Liquid_fly-back_booster" title="Liquid fly-back booster">Liquid fly-back booster</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquid_fly-back_booster&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
</div></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="Liquid_fly-back_booster" title="Liquid fly-back booster">Liquid Fly-back Booster</a> (LFBB) was a <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a>'s (DLR's) project concept to develop a <a href="Liquid_rocket_booster" title="Liquid rocket booster">liquid rocket booster</a> capable of <a href="Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reuse</a> for <a href="Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> in order to significantly reduce the high cost of space transportation and increase <a href="Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmental friendliness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liquid_fly-back_booster_Satellitenkatapult_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liquid_fly-back_booster_Satellitenkatapult-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LFBB would replace the existing <a href="Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid rocket boosters</a>, which provided the majority of thrust from liftoff to separation. Once separated, the two winged boosters would perform an <a href="Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a>, go back autonomously to the <a href="French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, and land horizontally on the airport like an aeroplane.
</p><p>Additionally a family of derivative launch vehicles was proposed in order to take an advantage of <a href="Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>, further reducing launch costs. These derivatives include:
</p>
German Aerospace Center studied Liquid Fly-back Boosters as a part of future launcher research programme from 1999 to 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Liquid_fly-back_booster_longTermApplications_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liquid_fly-back_booster_longTermApplications-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the cancellation of the project, publications at DLR continued until 2009.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SpaceLiner">SpaceLiner</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="SpaceLiner" title="SpaceLiner">SpaceLiner</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceLiner&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="SpaceLiner" title="SpaceLiner">SpaceLiner</a> is a concept for a <a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>, <a href="Hypersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic">hypersonic</a>, winged passenger <a href="Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic transport</a>, conceived at the <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, or DLR) in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceLiner_KlevanskiJ2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceLiner_KlevanskiJ2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its second role the SpaceLiner is intended as a <a href="Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch vehicle</a> (RLV) capable of delivering heavy payloads into orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceLiner_IAC2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceLiner_IAC2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
The SpaceLiner is a very long-term project, and does not currently have funding lined up to initiate system <a href="New_product_development" title="New product development">development</a> as of 2017. Projections in 2015 were that if adequate funding was eventually secured, the SpaceLiner concept might become an operational <a href="Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> in the 2040s.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceLiner_2015AIAA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceLiner_2015AIAA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SpaceLiner_IAC2016_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceLiner_IAC2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RETALT">RETALT</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="RETALT" title="RETALT">RETALT</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RETALT&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="RETALT" title="RETALT">RETALT</a> (RETro Propulsion Assisted Landing Technologies) is a project for aiming to investigate in key technologies for <a href="Retropropulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retropropulsion">retropropulsion</a> <a href="Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable launch systems</a> established in March 2019 with funds from the European Union's <a href="Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a> program. It aims to "advance the research and development of key technologies for European vertical-landing launch vehicles."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
The reference configurations for the development of the targeted technologies are two types of vertical launch and landing rockets a <a href="Two-stage-to-orbit" title="Two-stage-to-orbit">two-stage-to-orbit</a> and a <a href="Single-stage_to_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-stage to orbit">single-stage to orbit</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partner organisations are <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>, CFS Engineering (Switzerland), <a href="Elecnor_Deimos" title="Elecnor Deimos">Elecnor Deimos</a> (Spain), MT Aerospace (Germany), Almatech (Switzerland) and Amorim Cork Composites (Portugal).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions_operated_by_Germany">Missions operated by Germany</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MW_18014">MW 18014</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="MW_18014" title="MW 18014">MW 18014</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MW_18014&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<a href="MW_18014" title="MW 18014">MW 18014</a> was a German <a href="V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">A-4 test rocket</a><sup id="cite_ref-etymology_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launched on 20 June 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-MW_18014_psv_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_18014_psv-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MW_18014_earthfromspace_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_18014_earthfromspace-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MW_18014_v-2_launches_at_peeuende_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_18014_v-2_launches_at_peeuende-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="Peenem%C3%BCnde_Army_Research_Center" title="Peenemünde Army Research Center">Peenemünde Army Research Center</a> in <a href="Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>. It was the first man-made object to reach <a href="Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, attaining an <a href="Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a> of 176 kilometres (109 mi), well above the <a href="K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a> that was established later as the lowest altitude of space.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_18014_Karman_line_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_18014_Karman_line-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a vertical test launch, and was not intended to reach <a href="Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital velocity</a>, so it returned and impacted Earth, making it the first <a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital spaceflight</a>.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helios">Helios</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="Helios_(spacecraft)" title="Helios (spacecraft)">Helios (spacecraft)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helios_(spacecraft)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="Helios_(spacecraft)" title="Helios (spacecraft)"><i>Helios-A</i></a> and <i>Helios-B</i> (after launch renamed <i><span class="nowrap">Helios 1</span></i> and <i><span class="nowrap">Helios 2</span></i>) are a pair of <a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">probes</a> that were launched into <a href="Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbit</a> to study <a href="Solar_phenomena" title="Solar phenomena">solar</a> processes. As a joint venture between <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR) and <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, the probes were launched from <a href="Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>, <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, on December<span class="nowrap"> </span>10, 1974, and January<span class="nowrap"> </span>15, 1976, respectively.
</p>
The Helios project set a maximum speed record for spacecraft of 252,792 km/h (157,078 mph; 70,220 m/s).<sup id="cite_ref-Helios_(spacecraft)_wilkinson2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helios_(spacecraft)_wilkinson2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Helios-B</i> performed the closest flyby of the <a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> of any spacecraft until that time. The probes are no longer functional, but as of 2024 remain in <a href="Elliptical_orbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbits">elliptical orbits</a> around the Sun.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-61-A&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a> (also known as Spacelab D-1) was the 22nd mission of <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>. It was a scientific <a href="Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> mission, funded and directed by <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> – hence the non-NASA designation of D-1 (for Deutschland-1). STS-61-A was the ninth and last successful flight of <a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a> before the <a href="STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a> <a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">disaster</a>. STS-61-A holds the current <a href="Spaceflight_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceflight records">record</a> for the largest crew—eight people—aboard any single spacecraft for the entire period from launch to landing.
</p>
The mission carried the NASA/<a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) Spacelab module into orbit with 76 scientific experiments on board, and was declared a success.<sup id="cite_ref-STS-61-A_tfld1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS-61-A_tfld1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Payload operations were controlled from the <a href="German_Space_Operations_Center" title="German Space Operations Center">German Space Operations Center</a> in <a href="Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a>, West Germany, instead of from the regular NASA control center.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first spaceflight to include multiple crewmembers from any single country other than the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> or <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The crew also included the first Dutch citizen astronaut, payload specialist <a href="Wubbo_Ockels" title="Wubbo Ockels">Wubbo Ockels</a>.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STS-55">STS-55</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-55&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<a href="STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a>, or Deutschland 2 (D-2), was the 55th overall flight of the <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> and the 14th flight of Shuttle <i><a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i>. This flight was a multinational <a href="Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> flight involving 88 experiments from eleven different nations. The experiments ranged from <a href="Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> sciences to simple <a href="Earth_observation" title="Earth observation">Earth observations</a>.</div></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
The D-2 mission, as it was commonly called, augmented the German <a href="Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">microgravity research</a> program started by the D-1 mission. The <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR) had been tasked by the <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Space Agency</a> (DARA – Deutsche Agentur für Raumfahrtangelegenheiten) to conduct the second mission. DLR, NASA, the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), and agencies in <a href="France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> contributed to D-2's scientific program. Eleven nations participated in the experiments. Of the 88 experiments conducted on the D-2 mission, four were sponsored by NASA.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SAMPEX">SAMPEX</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
The <a href="Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer</a> (SAMPEX or Explorer 68) was a <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> solar and magnetospheric observatory and was the first spacecraft in the <a href="Small_Explorer_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Explorer program">Small Explorer program</a>. It was launched into <a href="Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> on 3 July 1992, from <a href="Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> (<a href="Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">Western Test Range</a>) aboard a <a href="Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout G-1</a> <a href="Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>. SAMPEX was an international collaboration between NASA and the <a href="Max_Planck_Institute_for_Extraterrestrial_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics">Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics</a> of <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer_Mason1998_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer_Mason1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) is the first of a series of spacecraft that was launched under the Small Explorer (SMEX) program for low-cost spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer_Display_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer_Display-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABRIXAS&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p>A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey, or <a href="ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a>, was a <a href="Satellite" title="Satellite">space-based</a> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a>. It was launched on 28 April 1999 in a <a href="Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">Kosmos-3M</a> launch vehicle from <a href="Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a>, <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, into <a href="Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a>. The orbit had a <a href="Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> of 549.0 kilometres (341.1 mi), an <a href="Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> of 598.0 kilometres (371.6 mi), an <a href="Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> of 48.0° and an <a href="Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> of 0.00352, giving it a period of 96 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-ABRIXAS_abrixas_trajectory_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABRIXAS_abrixas_trajectory-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The telescope's battery was accidentally overcharged and destroyed three days after the mission started. When attempts to communicate with the satellite – while its solar panels were illuminated by sunlight – failed, the $20 million project was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-ABRIXAS_abrixas_end_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABRIXAS_abrixas_end-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABRIXAS decayed from orbit on 31 October 2017.
</p>
The <a href="EROSITA" title="EROSITA">eROSITA</a> telescope was based on the design of the ABRIXAS observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-ABRIXAS_IKI2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABRIXAS_IKI2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eROSITA was launched on board the <a href="Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> space observatory on 13 July 2019 from <a href="Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a> to be deployed at the second <a href="Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a> (L2).<sup id="cite_ref-ABRIXAS_Spektr-RG_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABRIXAS_Spektr-RG-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DLR-Tubsat">DLR-Tubsat</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="DLR-Tubsat" title="DLR-Tubsat">DLR-Tubsat</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DLR-Tubsat&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<a href="DLR-Tubsat" title="DLR-Tubsat">DLR-Tubsat</a> (<a href="Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">a.k.a.</a> <i>TUBSAT</i>) was a German <a href="Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> <a href="Miniaturized_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniaturized satellite">microsatellite</a>, developed in a <a href="Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> between <a href="Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a> (TUB) and <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR). TU Berlin was responsible for the satellite bus and DLR was responsible for the payload.<sup id="cite_ref-DLR-Tubsat_TUBSAT_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLR-Tubsat_TUBSAT-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite was launched into <a href="Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> on 26 May 1999, on the fifth mission of the <a href="Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a> program <a href="PSLV-C2" title="PSLV-C2">PSLV-C2</a>. The launch took place in the <a href="Sriharikota_Launching_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Sriharikota Launching Range">Sriharikota Launching Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DLR-Tubsat_DLR-Tubsat_(COSPAR_ID:_1999-029C)_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLR-Tubsat_DLR-Tubsat_(COSPAR_ID:_1999-029C)-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DLR-Tubsat_PSLV-C2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLR-Tubsat_PSLV-C2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite had an expected life of one year.<sup id="cite_ref-DLR-Tubsat_Flight_Experiences_With_DLR-Tubsat_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLR-Tubsat_Flight_Experiences_With_DLR-Tubsat-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DLR-Tubsat_DLR-TUBSAT,_qualification_of_high_precision_attitude_control_in_orbit_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLR-Tubsat_DLR-TUBSAT,_qualification_of_high_precision_attitude_control_in_orbit-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DLR-Tubsat_DLR-TUBSAT:_a_microsatellite_for_interactive_Earth_observation_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLR-Tubsat_DLR-TUBSAT:_a_microsatellite_for_interactive_Earth_observation-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="TerraSAR-X" title="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TerraSAR-X&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<a href="TerraSAR-X" title="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</a> is an <a href="Imaging_radar" title="Imaging radar">imaging radar</a> <a href="Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellite</a>, a joint venture being carried out under a public-private-partnership between the <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR) and <a href="Astrium" title="Astrium">EADS Astrium</a>. The exclusive commercial exploitation rights are held by the geo-information service provider <a href="Astrium" title="Astrium">Astrium</a>. TerraSAR-X was launched on 15 June 2007 and has been in operational service since January 2008. With its twin satellite <a href="TanDEM-X" title="TanDEM-X">TanDEM-X</a>, launched 21 June 2010, TerraSAR-X acquires the data basis for the <a href="WorldDEM" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldDEM">WorldDEM</a>, the worldwide and homogeneous <a href="Digital_elevation_model" title="Digital elevation model">DEM</a> available from 2014.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbus"><i>Columbus</i></h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus (ISS module)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)"><i>Columbus</i></a> is a science laboratory that is part of the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) and is the largest single contribution to the ISS made by the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA).
</p><p>Like the <i><a href="Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a></i> and <i><a href="Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Tranquility</a></i> modules, the <i>Columbus</i> laboratory was constructed in <a href="Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> by <a href="Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a>. The functional equipment and software of the lab was designed by <a href="Airbus" title="Airbus">EADS</a> in <a href="Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It was also integrated in Bremen before being flown to the <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC) in <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in an <a href="Airbus_Beluga" title="Airbus Beluga">Airbus Beluga</a>. It was launched aboard <span class="nowrap"><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> on 7 February 2008, on flight <a href="STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a>. It is designed for ten years of operation. The module is controlled by the <a href="Columbus_Control_Centre" title="Columbus Control Centre">Columbus Control Centre</a>, located at the <a href="German_Space_Operations_Center" title="German Space Operations Center">German Space Operations Center</a>, part of the <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> in <a href="Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a> near <a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany.
</p>
The European Space Agency has spent <a href="Euro" title="Euro">€</a>1.4 billion (about <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2 billion) on building <i>Columbus</i>, including the experiments it carries and the ground control infrastructure necessary to operate them.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_missions">Proposed missions</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baden-Württemberg_1">Baden-Württemberg 1</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a> (BW1) was a proposed <a href="Lunar_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar mission">lunar mission</a> <a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baden-Württemberg_1_bd_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baden-Württemberg_1_bd-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was led by the <a href="University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">University of Stuttgart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic design was for a cubical spacecraft 1 meter on a side, with a mass of about 200 kg (441 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Baden-Württemberg_1_stut_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baden-Württemberg_1_stut-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may use an <a href="Pulsed_plasma_thruster" title="Pulsed plasma thruster">pulsed plasma thruster</a> utilizing <a href="Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">polytetrafluoroethylene</a> (PTFE) as propellant.<sup id="cite_ref-Baden-Württemberg_1_bd_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baden-Württemberg_1_bd-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013 work on trajectories had been performed.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
Baden-Württemberg 1 was part of the Stuttgart Small Satellite Program initiated in 2002 that included <a href="FLYING_LAPTOP" class="mw-redirect" title="FLYING LAPTOP">FLYING LAPTOP</a>, PERSEUS, CERMIT, and the aforementioned BW-1.<sup id="cite_ref-Baden-Württemberg_1_stut_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baden-Württemberg_1_stut-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LEO">LEO</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO (spacecraft)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LEO_(spacecraft)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lunarer Erkundungsorbiter</i></span>; <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>: Lunar Exploration Orbiter) was the name of a proposed <a href="Germany" title="Germany">German</a> mission to the <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, announced by the <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR) Director Walter Doellinger on March 2, 2007. Because the necessary funding for 2009 was diverted elsewhere, the start of the project was delayed indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Precise characteristics of the mission were announced in early 2008, and estimated costs were projected to be ca. €350 million (~$514 million) over five years. The mission would involve a <a href="Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbiter</a> that <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a> intended to build and launch in 2012 to map the lunar surface. It would be the first German mission to the Moon and the first <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European</a> mission to the Moon since <a href="SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a>.
</p>
Numerous leading German planetologists, among them <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Neukum" class="extiw external" title="de:Gerhard Neukum">Gerhard Neukum</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Jaumann" class="extiw external" title="de:Ralf Jaumann">Ralf Jaumann</a> and Tilman Spohn, have condemned the indefinite postponement and argue for resuming the LEO-project.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="French_space_program" title="French space program">French space program</a></li>
<li><a href="British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British space programme</a> – Official efforts to develop space capabilities</li>
<li><a href="Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a> – Space program of the People's Republic of China</li>
<li><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a> – Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-etymology-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymology_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V-2 rockets were still known as A-4s until September 1944</span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFHodapp2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hodapp, Martin (2013). "Germany's Rocket Development in World War II". <i>HOHONU</i>. <b>11</b>: 39.</cite></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRamsey2016" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, Syed (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jkk5DAAAQBAJ"><i>Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times</i></a>. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-93-86019-83-7</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.german-times.com/when-neil-armstrong-buzz-aldrin-and-michael-collins-flew-to-the-moon-50-years-ago-they-used-german-technology/">German technology in 1969</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.dw.com/en/why-isnt-germany-taking-over-the-moon/a-50908906">German technology and the Moon October 2019</a></li></ul>
<p><br>
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</style><div id="Politics_of_outer_space613" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Politics_of_outer_space" title="Politics of outer space">Politics of outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Spaceflight#Spacefaring_civilization:_nations_and_other_entities" title="Spaceflight">Spacefaring nations</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_traffic_management" title="Space traffic management">Space traffic management</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris management</a>
<ul><li><a href="Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Space Debris Working Group</a></li>
<li><a href="Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Space Debris Committee</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection principle</a></li>
<li><a href="Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li>
<li>Asteroid impact
<ul><li><a href="Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Prediction</a></li>
<li><a href="Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Avoidance</a></li>
<li><a href="Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a>
<ul><li><a href="The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_space_races" title="List of space races">Space races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Cold War Space Race</a>
<ul><li><a href="Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li>
<li><a href="Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_propaganda" title="Space propaganda">Space propaganda</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competition</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese<br>space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Two_Bombs%2C_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine</a> (1966–1976)</li>
<li><a href="Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang program</a> (1966–1972)</li>
<li><a href="ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">Chinese ASAT program</a> (1964–)
<ul><li><a href="2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">2007 test</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chinese_space_program#Project_921_(Shenzhou)" title="Chinese space program">Project 921</a> (1992–)
<ul><li><a href="Shenzhou_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou program"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">Shenzhou</span></span> program</a></li>
<li><a href="Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">Tiangong</span></span> program</a></li>
<li><a href="Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Space station</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> (2003–)</li>
<li><a href="Chinese_space_program#Mission_to_Mars_and_beyond" title="Chinese space program">Mars and beyond</a>
<ul><li><a href="Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Planetary Exploration of China</a> (2016–)</li>
<li><a href="MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">ESA Science Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a> (1960–1975)
<ul><li><a href="Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa launcher programme</a> (1962–1973)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (1964–1975)</li>
<li><a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (1975–)
<ul><li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">European Cooperation for Space Standardization</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">European Space Research and Technology Centre</a>
<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a> (1983–2010)</li>
<li><a href="European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">European Space Astronomy Centre</a> (2005–)</li>
<li><a href="European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre" title="European Space Security and Education Centre">European Space Security and Education Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a>
<ul><li><a href="ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK network</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane launcher programme</a> (1973–)</li>
<li><a href="Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega launcher programme</a> (1998–)</li>
<li>European Space Policy Institute</li>
<li><a href="Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li>
<li><a href="Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">Future Launchers Preparatory Programme</a>
<ul><li><a href="Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a>
<ul><li><a href="Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li>
<li>Mars and beyond
<ul><li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li>
<li><a href="Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a></li>
<li><a href="ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a></li>
<li><a href="XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-<i>Newton</i></a></li>
<li><i><a href="Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li>
<li><a href="INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a>
<ul><li><a href="Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a></i></li>
<li><a href="LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li>
<li><i><a href="BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a> (2015–2025)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></li>
<li><a href="ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></li>
<li><a href="EnVision_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="EnVision (spacecraft)">EnVision</a></li>
<li><a href="CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></li>
<li><a href="Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a></li>
<li><a href="Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">ATHENA</a></li>
<li><a href="Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></li>
<li><a href="Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></li>
<li><a href="SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">EU Space Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union Satellite Centre</a> (1992–2002)</li>
<li><a href="European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU Satellite Centre</a> (2002–)</li>
<li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li>
<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space</a>
<ul><li>European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)</li>
<li>European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)</li>
<li><a href="European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EU Agency for the Space Programme</a> (2021–)
<ul><li><a href="Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo programme</a></li>
<li><a href="Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus programme</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS programme</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">EUSST programme</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European<br> initiatives and bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe</a>
<ul><li><a href="Eurospace" title="Eurospace">Eurospace</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li>
<li><a href="Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="Council_of_European_Aerospace_Societies" title="Council of European Aerospace Societies">Council of European Aerospace Societies</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a>/<a href="European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations</a>
<ul><li><a href="ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="European_Organisation_for_Civil_Aviation_Equipment" title="European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment">European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">European Patent Organisation</a>
<ul><li><a href="European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">European Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></li>
<li><a href="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian space policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">Indian ASAT programme</a>
<ul><li><a href="Mission_Shakti" title="Mission Shakti">Mission Shakti</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British<br>space programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="British_National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="British National Committee for Space Research">Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research</a> (1958)</li>
<li><a href="Ariel_programme" title="Ariel programme">Start of the Ariel programme</a> (1962)</li>
<li><a href="Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow launcher</a> (1964–1971)</li>
<li><a href="British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">Creation of the British National Space Centre</a> (1985)</li>
<li><a href="Outer_Space_Act_1986" title="Outer Space Act 1986">Outer Space Act 1986</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Juno" title="Project Juno">Project Juno</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="Space_Innovation_and_Growth_Team" title="Space Innovation and Growth Team">Space Innovation and Growth Team</a> (2009–2010)</li>
<li><a href="UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">Creation of the UK Space Agency</a> (2010)</li>
<li><a href="Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Industry_Act_2018" title="Space Industry Act 2018">Space Industry Act 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">UK Global Navigation Satellite System</a> (2018–2020)</li>
<li><a href="Integrated_Review" title="Integrated Review">2021 Integrated Review</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="Defence_in_a_Competitive_Age" title="Defence in a Competitive Age">Defence in a Competitive Age</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">US space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Truman_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Truman<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Aerobee" title="Aerobee">Aerobee rocket program</a></li>
<li><a href="RAND_Corporation#History" title="RAND Corporation">RAND</a></li>
<li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station#History" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Establishment of Cape Canaveral</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Eisenhower<br>space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">WS-117L</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a></li>
<li><a href="Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Introduction_to_Outer_Space" title="Introduction to Outer Space">Introduction to Outer Space</a></i></li>
<li><a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">1958 NASA Act</a>
<ul><li><a href="Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Launch of Project Mercury</a></li>
<li><a href="Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></li>
<li><a href="North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">Launch of X-15 program</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Kennedy<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Launch of the Mariner program</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Launch of the Gemini project</a></li>
<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Launch of the Apollo program</a></li>
<li>"<a href="We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Johnson_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Johnson<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">1967 Outer Space Treaty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Nixon<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Moon landing</a></li>
<li><a href="Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law" title="Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law">Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Launch of the Space Shuttle Program</a></li>
<li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Ford_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Ford<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li>
<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Launch of the Viking program</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Carter_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Carter<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Reagan_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Reagan<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Citizens'_Advisory_Council_on_National_Space_Policy" title="Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy">Citizens' Advisory Council</a></li>
<li><a href="Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom proposal</a></li>
<li><a href="Commercial_Space_Launch_Act_of_1984" title="Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984">1984 Space Act</a></li>
<li><a href="ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">1985 anti-satellite missile test</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> disaster</a></li>
<li><a href="Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers Report</a></li>
<li><a href="Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride Report</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">George H. W. Bush<br>space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">1990 Augustine Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Clinton<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Daniel_Goldin#NASA_administrator" title="Daniel Goldin">Faster, better, cheaper</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>
<ul><li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a>
<ul><li><a href="Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Launch of the Mars Exploration Program</a></li>
<li><a href="Commercial_Space_Act_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Act of 1998">1998 Space Act</a></li>
<li><a href="Decadal_Planning_Team" title="Decadal Planning Team">Decadal Planning Team</a></li>
<li><a href="Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Launch of the X-37 program</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush<br>space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">Aerospace Industry Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">2002 National missile defense directive</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a></li>
<li><a href="Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="President's_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">ESAS</a></li>
<li><a href="NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2005" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2005">2005 NASA Act</a></li>
<li><a href="Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Launch of the Constellation program</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Burnt_Frost" title="Operation Burnt Frost">Operation Burnt Frost</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Obama<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">2009 Augustine Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Kennedy Space Center speech</a></li>
<li><a href="Constellation_program#Obama_administration" title="Constellation program">Cancellation of the Constellation program</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Launch of the Space Launch System program</a></li>
<li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Redesign of the Orion program</a></li>
<li><a href="Flexible_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible path">Flexible path</a></li>
<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2010" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2010">2010 NASA Act</a></li>
<li><a href="Title_51_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 51 of the United States Code">Title 51</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</a></li>
<li><a href="Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Development of the Commercial Crew Program">Development of the Commercial Crew Program</a></li>
<li><a href="NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2014" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2014">2014 NASA Act</a></li>
<li><a href="Commercial_Space_Launch_Competitiveness_Act_of_2015" title="Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015">2015 Space Act</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Trump<br> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">Re-establishment of the National Space Council</a></li>
<li><a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Creation of the Space Force</a></li>
<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Launch of the Artemis program</a></li>
<li><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Launch of the Lunar Gateway project</a></li>
<li><a href="Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">Executive Order 13959</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="China_exclusion_policy_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="China exclusion policy of NASA">China exclusion policy of NASA</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a></li>
<li><a href="Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget of NASA</a></li>
<li><a href="United_States_House_Committee_on_Science%2C_Space%2C_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Space</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Environmental_Satellite%2C_Data%2C_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a>
<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li>
<li><a href="Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li>
<li><a href="Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a>
<ul><li><a href="IEEE_Aerospace_and_Electronic_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society">Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society</a></li>
<li><a href="IEEE_Antennas_%26_Propagation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society">Antennas & Propagation Society</a></li>
<li><a href="IEEE_Broadcast_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Broadcast Technology Society">Broadcast Technology Society</a></li>
<li><a href="IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society</a></li>
<li><a href="IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology Society</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR and Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet<br> space<br> program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stalin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim</a> (1946)
<ul><li><a href="List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Khrushchev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a>
<ul><li><a href="Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> (1957)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok program</a> (1960–1963)</li>
<li><a href="Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System" title="Fractional Orbital Bombardment System">Fractional Orbital Bombardment System</a> (1960–1982)</li>
<li><a href="Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> (1961–1976)</li>
<li><a href="Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod program</a> (1964–1966)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Brezhnev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz program</a> (1967–)</li>
<li><a href="Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> (1967–1991)</li>
<li><a href="Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut program</a> (1971–1986)</li>
<li><a href="Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1973–1977)</li>
<li><a href="Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran program</a> (1974–1993)</li>
<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (1975)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Gorbachev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> (1986–2001)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Yeltsin20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Yeltsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> (1993–)
<ul><li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a></li>
<li><a href="Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Medvedev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li>
<li><a href="Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2010_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2010 Military doctrine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Putin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a> (2013–2015)</li>
<li><a href="Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2014_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2014 Military doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">2015 Creation of Roscosmos</a></li>
<li>Mars
<ul><li><a href="MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li>
<li><a href="ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="National_Space_Program" title="National Space Program">Australian space program</a></li>
<li><a href="Brazilian_space_program" title="Brazilian space program">Brazilian space program</a></li>
<li><a href="United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">Emirati space program</a></li>
<li><a href="Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japanese space program</a></li>
<li><a href="Kazakh_space_program" title="Kazakh space program">Kazakh space program</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_programme_of_Kenya" title="Space programme of Kenya">Kenyan space program</a></li>
<li><a href="Lebanese_space_program" title="Lebanese space program">Lebanese space program</a></li>
<li><a href="North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korean space program</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Pakistani space program</a>
<ul><li><a href="Space_programme_2040" class="mw-redirect" title="Space programme 2040">Space programme 2040</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">Philippine space program</a></li>
<li><a href="South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korean space program</a></li>
<li><a href="Ugandan_space_initiatives" title="Ugandan space initiatives">Ugandan space initiatives</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station programme</a>
<ul><li><a href="Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics of the International Space Station</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li>
<li><a href="United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a>
<ul><li><a href="UN-SPIDER" title="UN-SPIDER">UN-SPIDER</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Generation_Advisory_Council" title="Space Generation Advisory Council">Space Generation Advisory Council</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a></li>
<li><a href="United_Nations_General_Assembly_Fourth_Committee" title="United Nations General Assembly Fourth Committee">General Assembly Fourth Committee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other intergovernmental<br> or inter-agency bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li>
<li><a href="Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">Committee on Earth Observation Satellites</a></li>
<li><a href="Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">Committee on Space Research</a>
<ul><li><a href="International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">International Planetary Data Alliance</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme</a></li>
<li><a href="Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">Group on Earth Observations</a></li>
<li><a href="Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">Global Standards Collaboration</a></li>
<li><a href="Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Charter_'Space_and_Major_Disasters'" class="mw-redirect" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">International Mobile Satellite Organization</a></li>
<li>International Space Exploration Coordination Group</li>
<li><a href="International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li>
<li><a href="Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group</a></li>
<li><a href="Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">Regional African Satellite Communication Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arab Satellite Communications Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> (1963)</li>
<li><a href="Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> (1967)</li>
<li><a href="Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a> (1968)</li>
<li><a href="Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a> (1972)</li>
<li><a href="Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">US-USSR Cooperation Agreement</a> (1972)</li>
<li><a href="Convention_Relating_to_the_Distribution_of_Programme-Carrying_Signals_Transmitted_by_Satellite" title="Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite">Satellite Convention</a> (1974)</li>
<li><a href="Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a> (1975)</li>
<li><a href="Bogota_Declaration" title="Bogota Declaration">Bogota Declaration</a> (1976)</li>
<li><a href="Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> (1979)</li>
<li><a href="Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space" title="Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space">Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space</a> (1981)</li>
<li><a href="International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement</a> (1988)</li>
<li><a href="International_Space_Station_Intergovernmental_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement">International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement</a> (1998)</li>
<li><a href="International_Docking_System_Standard" title="International Docking System Standard">International Docking System Standard</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Charter_'Space_and_Major_Disasters'" class="mw-redirect" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a> (1999)</li>
<li><a href="Cape_Town_Treaty#Space_Assets" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol</a> (2012)</li>
<li><a href="Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> (2020)</li>
<li><a href="Space_jurisdiction" title="Space jurisdiction">Space jurisdiction</a></li>
<li><a href="Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">Common heritage of mankind</a></li>
<li><a href="Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li>
<li><a href="Astronomical_naming_conventions" title="Astronomical naming conventions">Astronomical naming conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">ITU Radio Regulations</a></li>
<li><a href="Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS standards</a></li>
<li><a href="Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG standards</a></li>
<li><a href="Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS standards</a></li>
<li><a href="Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR standards</a>
<ul><li><a href="International_Designator" title="International Designator">International Designator</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA standards</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC standards</a></li>
<li><a href="Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO standards</a></li>
<li>ISECG standards</li>
<li>Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space industry</a>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="India" title="India"></a></span></span> <a href="Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">India</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <a href="Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Launch market competition</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Space advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Space-based economy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Space_trade" title="Space trade">Space trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a></li>
<li><a href="Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a>
<ul><li><a href="Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="List_of_space_forces%2C_units%2C_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces,<br> units and formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Space_force" title="Space force">Space forces</a>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Australia" title="Australia"></a></span></span> <a href="Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Australia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil"></a></span></span> <a href="Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazil</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a></span></span> <a href="Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canada</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> <a href="People's_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">China</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Colombia" title="Colombia"></a></span></span> <a href="Colombian_Aerospace_Force" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="France" title="France"></a></span></span> <a href="French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a></span></span> <a href="German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Iran" title="Iran"></a></span></span> Iran
<ul><li><a href="Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">AJA</a></li>
<li><a href="Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">IRGC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Israel" title="Israel"></a></span></span> <a href="Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Japan" title="Japan"></a></span></span> <a href="Japan_Air_Self_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Self Defense Force">Japan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a></span></span> <a href="Royal_Netherlands_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"></a></span></span> <a href="Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea"></a></span></span> <a href="Korean_People's_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">North Korea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan"></a></span></span> <a href="Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <a href="Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea"></a></span></span> <a href="Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">South Korea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a></span></span> <a href="Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Thailand" title="Thailand"></a></span></span> <a href="Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey"></a></span></span> <a href="Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Structure</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam"></a></span></span> <a href="Vietnam_People's_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="Ranks_and_insignia_of_space_forces" title="Ranks and insignia of space forces">Ranks and insignia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Space_command" title="Space command">Space commands</a>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="France" title="France"></a></span></span> <a href="French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">France</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="India" title="India"></a></span></span> <a href="Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">India</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a></span></span> <a href="Space_Operations_Command_(Italy)" title="Space Operations Command (Italy)">Italy</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="NATO" title="NATO"></a></span></span> <a href="Allied_Air_Command" title="Allied Air Command">NATO</a></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">Space domain awareness</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space weapon</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a>
<ul><li><a href="ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">India</a></li>
<li><a href="A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard Missile 3">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a></li>
<li><a href="Kill_vehicle" title="Kill vehicle">Kill vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile defense</a></li>
<li><a href="Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military satellite</a></li>
<li><a href="Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></li>
<li><a href="Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li>
<li><a href="Satellite#Jamming" title="Satellite">Satellite jamming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li>
<li><a href="Alliance_for_Space_Development" title="Alliance for Space Development">Alliance for Space Development</a>
<ul><li><a href="National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li>
<li><a href="Moon_Society" title="Moon Society">Moon Society</a></li>
<li><a href="Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Arthur_C._Clarke_Institute_for_Modern_Technologies" title="Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies">Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="Coalition_for_Deep_Space_Exploration" title="Coalition for Deep Space Exploration">Coalition for Deep Space Exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a></li>
<li><a href="Lunar_Explorers_Society" title="Lunar Explorers Society">Lunar Explorers Society</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Exploration_Alliance" title="Space Exploration Alliance">Space Exploration Alliance</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Fellowship" title="Space Fellowship">Space Fellowship</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Force_Association" title="Space Force Association">Space Force Association</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_Foundation" title="Space Foundation">Space Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies312" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African<br>and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li>
<li><a href="Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a>
<ul><li><a href="National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Kenya_Space_Agency" title="Kenya Space Agency">KSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Environmental_Satellite%2C_Data%2C_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a>
<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America<br>and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a>
<ul><li><a href="Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li>
<li><a href="Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a>
<ul><li><a href="Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup>
<ul><li><a href="Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a>
<ul><li><a href="State_Administration_of_Science%2C_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li>
<li><a href="China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a>
<ul><li><a href="China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li>
<li><a href="China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li>
<li><a href="China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li>
<li>CGWIC</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="People's_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li>
<li><a href="China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>
<ul><li><a href="Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a>
<ul><li><a href="Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li>
<li><a href="Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup>
<ul><li><a href="Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li>
<li><a href="Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a>
<ul><li><a href="Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li>
<li><a href="Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Space_Science_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a>
<ul><li><a href="Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a>
<ul><li><a href="National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a>
<ul><li><a href="King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup>
<ul><li><a href="General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a>
<ul><li><a href="T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a>
<ul><li><a href="European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>
<ul><li><a href="European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li>
<li><a href="ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a>
<ul><li><a href="ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a>
<ul><li><a href="Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a>
<ul><li><a href="French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> LSO<sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup>
<ul><li><a href="Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li>
<li>UKE</li>
<li><a href="National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li>
<li>ORO</li>
<li><a href="Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup>
<ul><li><a href="Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a>
<ul><li><a href="T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a>
<ul><li><a href="CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li>
<li><a href="Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li>
<li><a href="Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a>
<ul><li><a href="International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li>
<li><a href="Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li>
<li><a href="Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li>
<li><a href="Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Charter_'Space_and_Major_Disasters'" class="mw-redirect" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li>
<li>ISECG</li>
<li><a href="International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li>
<li><a href="Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li>
<li><a href="Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Ministry_of_General_Machine-Building" title="Ministry of General Machine-Building">MOM</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>See also: <a href="Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li>
<li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Preceded by the <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li>
<li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Preceded by <a href="Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul>
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